AquaPedia Case Study Database - User contributions [en]

Template:Linked Articles

2026-01-27T06:29:17Z

Maintenance script: Fix Template:Linked_Articles: simplify query and use == headers

<noinclude>
This is the "Linked Articles" template. It is called by a main article template (e.g.: Water Feature)
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Linked Articles
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparians=
|The Pagename= (name of referred page)
|Page Type=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%"
! | == Riparians ==
! | == Water Features ==
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in this basin- |format=list |headers=plain |mainlabel=- |link=all |sep= |offset= |limit= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Located in::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=located within|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=Located within|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement |{{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Riparian=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Riparian=Project is in- ||format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Riparians}}}|;|x|Other - [[Riparian::x]] | }} | }}

| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Within Basin=Located in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Within Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Feature in this basin- |format=list |headers=show|mainlabel=- | link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Basin=Project is in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Water Resource in Riparian::+]][[Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in riparian- |format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=-|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Resource=Includes Water Resource- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Reservoir=Associated Reservoir- |format=list| headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project on River=Dam located on- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Features}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Feature::x]] | }} | }}

|}

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%;"
! | == Projects and Initiatives ==
! | == Agreements and Treaties ==
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Water Project=Agreement includes- |format=list|sep=, |mainlabel=-|headers=plain|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Water Projects Influenced by Agreement=Affects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|outro= |default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Associated Water Project=Associated Projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project|{{#ask:[[Project In Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=located in {{{The Pagename|}}}# |format=list |headers=show |mainlabel=located in {{{The Pagename|}}} |link=all|sep= |offset=|limit=}} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Projects}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Project::x]] | }} | }}
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement| {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]||?Previous Agreement=Previous agreement was- |format=list| sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreementt|{{#ask: [[Previous Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Subsequent agreement is-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Agreement Includes Water Project::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Included in|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Water Projects Influenced by Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=Influenced by Agreement |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=}} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian |{{#ask: [[Agreement Includes Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|Other - [[Agreement::x]] | }} | }}
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
|}
</includeonly>

Template:Water Feature

2026-01-27T06:28:33Z

Maintenance script: Fix Template:Water_Feature: remove Case Studies and use == headers

<noinclude>
This is the "Water Feature" template.
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Water Feature
|Type=
|isabasin=
|Water Feature Area=
|Average Discharge=
|Maximum Discharge=
|Minimum Discharge=
|Length=
|Basin Area=
|Average Basin Discharge=
|Watershed Population=
|Riparian Basin=
|Description=
|Riparian=
|Water Project=
|Agreement=
|External Links=
|Case Review=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>
{{{Case Review|}}}

<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="section-right-box">
'''{{PAGENAME}} Facts''' 

{{#if: {{{Basin Area|}}} |Basin Area: [[Basin Area::{{{Basin Area|}}} ]] km2 }}{{#if: {{{Average Basin Discharge|}}} |Average Basin Discharge: [[Average Basin Discharge::{{{Average Basin Discharge|}}}]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Maximum Basin Discharge|}}} |Maximum Basin Discharge: [[Maximum Basin Discharge::{{{Maximum Basin Discharge|}}} ]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Minimum Basin Discharge|}}} |Minimum Basin Discharge: [[Minimum Basin Discharge::{{{Minimum Basin Discharge|}}} ]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Watershed Population|}}} |Basin Population: {{{Watershed Population|}}} people }}{{#if: {{{Water Feature Length|}}} |Length: [[Water Feature Length::{{{Water Feature Length|}}}]] km }}{{#if: {{{Water Feature Area|}}} |Area: [[Water Feature Area::{{{Water Feature Area|}}}]] km2 }}{{#if: {{{Average Discharge|}}} |Average Discharge: [[Average Discharge::{{{Average Discharge|}}}]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Maximum Discharge|}}} |Maximum Discharge: [[Maximum Discharge::{{{Maximum Discharge|}}}]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Minimum Discharge|}}} |Minimum Discharge: [[Minimum Discharge::{{{Minimum Discharge|}}}]] m3/s }}{{#if: {{{Recharge Rate|}}}{{{Recharge Rate Low|}}}{{{Recharge Rate High|}}} | Recharge Rate:}}{{#if: {{{Recharge Rate|}}} | [[Recharge Rate::{{{Recharge Rate|}}}]] cm/year (average) }}{{#if: {{{Recharge Rate Low|}}} | low - [[Recharge Rate Low::{{{Recharge Rate Low|}}}]] cm/year }}{{#if: {{{Recharge Rate High|}}} | high - [[Recharge Rate High::{{{Recharge Rate High|}}}]] cm/year }}{{#if: {{{Recharge Zone Area|}}} | Recharge Zone Area: [[Recharge Zone Area::{{{Recharge Zone Area|}}} ]] m2 }}{{#if: {{{Groundwater Resource Volume|}}} | Estimated Volume: [[Groundwater Resource Volume::{{{Groundwater Resource Volume|}}}]] km3 }} {{#if: {{{Type|}}} |Type:{{#arraymap:{{{Type|}}}|,|x|[[Water_Feature_Type::x]] | , }} }}{{#if: {{{Aquifer Description|}}} | Aquifer Description: {{ #arraymap:{{{Aquifer Description|}}}|,|x|[[Aquifer Description::x]] |, }} }}{{#if: {{{Within Basin|}}} |[[Within Basin::{{{Within Basin|}}}|]]}} {{#if: {{{Riparian Basin|}}} | Includes Riparians: {{{Riparian Basin|}}} }}{{#if: {{{Located in Riparian|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Located in Riparian|}}}|;|x| {{#set: Located in Riparian= x }} }} | }}{{#if: {{{Data References|}}} |{{{Data References|}}} }} [[Special:Browse/{{PAGENAME}} | view/browse all article properties]] </div>

{{{Overview|}}}

__TOC__

{{{Description|}}}

{{#if: {{{Type|}}}{{{Length|}}}{{{Area|}}}{{{Description|}}} | | This is a new Water Feature page. To enter information about the {{PAGENAME}}, click the 'Edit' Tab }}

== Articles linked to {{PAGENAME}} ==
{{Linked Articles|Water Features={{{Water Feature|}}}|Water Projects={{{Water Project|}}}|Agreements={{{Agreement|}}}|Riparians={{{Riparian|}}} |The Pagename={{PAGENAME}} |Page Type=Water Feature}}

{{#if: {{{External Links|}}} | == External Links == |}}
{{{External Links|}}}

{{#if: {{{Riparian Basin|}}} | == Facts about Included Riparians == }}
{{#ask:[[Riparian in Basin::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|mainlabel=-
|?Riparian = Riparian
|?Riparian Population in Basin = Population in Basin
|?Riparian Basin Area = Area within Basin in sq. km
|?Irrigated Riparian Lands Basin Area = Irrigated Lands within Basin in sq km
|?Basin Discharge in Riparian = Average Discharge in cubic m per second
}}

<div class="notes"><references group="note" /></div>
<references />
[[Category:Water Feature]]
{{#ifeq: {{{isabasin|}}} | yes | [[Category:Basin]] | }}
{{#ifeq: {{{issurface|}}} | groundwater | [[Category:Groundwater]] | }}
{{#ifeq: {{{issurface|}}} | surface| [[Category:Surface Water]] | }}

{{#arraymap:{{{Located in Region|}}}|,|x| {{#set:Located in Region=x}}| }}

__SHOWFACTBOX__
</includeonly>

Template:Linked Articles

2026-01-27T06:27:59Z

Maintenance script: Debug Template:Linked_Articles

<noinclude>
This is the "Linked Articles" template. It is called by a main article template (e.g.: Water Feature)
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Linked Articles
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparians=
|The Pagename= (name of referred page)
|Page Type=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%"
! | == Riparians ==
! | == Water Features ==
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in this basin- |format=list |headers=plain |mainlabel=- |link=all |sep= |offset= |limit= |default=DEBUG: NO RESULTS FOR BASIN {{{The Pagename|}}} |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Located in::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=located within|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=Located within|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement |{{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Riparian=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Riparian=Project is in- ||format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Riparians}}}|;|x|Other - [[Riparian::x]] | }} | }}

| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Within Basin=Located in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Within Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Feature in this basin- |format=list |headers=show|mainlabel=- | link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Basin=Project is in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Water Resource in Riparian::+]][[Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in riparian- |format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=-|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Resource=Includes Water Resource- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Reservoir=Associated Reservoir- |format=list| headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project on River=Dam located on- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Features}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Feature::x]] | }} | }}

|}

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%;"
! | == Projects and Initiatives ==
! | == Agreements and Treaties ==
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Water Project=Agreement includes- |format=list|sep=, |mainlabel=-|headers=plain|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Water Projects Influenced by Agreement=Affects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|outro= |default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Associated Water Project=Associated Projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project|{{#ask:[[Project In Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=located in {{{The Pagename|}}}# |format=list |headers=show |mainlabel=located in {{{The Pagename|}}} |link=all|sep= |offset=|limit=}} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Projects}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Project::x]] | }} | }}
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement| {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]||?Previous Agreement=Previous agreement was- |format=list| sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreementt|{{#ask: [[Previous Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Subsequent agreement is-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Agreement Includes Water Project::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Included in|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Water Projects Influenced by Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=Influenced by Agreement |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=}} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian |{{#ask: [[Agreement Includes Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|Other - [[Agreement::x]] | }} | }}
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
|}
</includeonly>

A Salty Affair: An Analysis of U.S. – Mexico Water Diplomacy in the Colorado River

2025-12-15T10:46:23Z

Maintenance script: Fix Agreement parameter name

{{Case Study
|Water Use=Agriculture or Irrigation, Domestic/Urban Supply, Other Ecological Services
|Land Use=agricultural- cropland and pasture, agricultural- confined livestock operations
|Climate=Arid/desert (Köppen B-type)
|Population=281.333
|Area=3500
|Geolocation=32.6245389, -115.4522623
|Agreement=1944 US-Mexico Water Treaty
|Issues={{Issue
|Issue=The deterioration of water quantity and quality flowiníg into Mexico along the Colorado river following the inauguración of the Wellton-Mohawk project.
|Issue Description=The Wellton-Mohawk’s location in a deep basin with no adequate drainage led to reuse of water that eventually declined in quantity and quality. How to satisfy the demand for water?
|NSPD=Water Quantity; Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Non-legislative governmental agency, Environmental interest, Industry/Corporate Interest
}}{{Issue
|Issue=The bottom problem (inadequate drainage) was never addressed. With time, this situation plus the introduction of water from the Colorado River led to waterlogging farmlands.
|Issue Description=The construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project and pumping out the
briny waters and and dump the saline water into the Colorado river which began flowing to Mexico
|NSPD=Water Quantity; Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance; Assets
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Community or organized citizens
}}{{Issue
|Issue=Mexico could not utilize these water for irrigation purposes and was forced to allow it flow directly to the sea.
|Issue Description=This resulted in crop losses in one of the most prosperous region for the national economy.
|NSPD=Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance; Assets
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Community or organized citizens
}}
|Key Questions={{Key Question
|Subject=Transboundary Water Issues
|Key Question - Transboundary=What mechanisms beyond simple allocation can be incorporated into transboundary water agreements to add value and facilitate resolution?
|Key Question Description=Minute No. 241- Recommendations to Improve Immediately the Quality of Colorado River Waters going to Mexico determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters. Moreover, Minute No. 242 Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado River - recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.
}}{{Key Question
|Subject=Power and Politics
|Key Question - Influence=How does asymmetry of power influence water negotiations and how can the negative effects be mitigated?
|Key Question Description=Mexico could have brought the case brought to the International Court of Justice. It had arguments to held the United States responsible under customary international law for the damages caused by the high salinity levels in the Colorado River.
}}
|Water Feature=
|Riparian=
|Water Project=
|Agreement=
|REP Framework====Background===
The Colorado River is a 1,450 miles-long water body that crosses seven states in the U.S., Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, and two in Mexico, Baja California and Sonora. In 1944, Mexico and the U.S. signed a bilateral treaty for the 'Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande' (hereon known as the 1944 Water Treaty). This treaty created the legal framework which would define the relations between the U.S. and Mexico regarding water issues. In the early 1960s the salinity levels of the Colorado River rose from 800 parts per million (ppm) to 2700 ppm. This led to tensions between the U.S. and Mexico which lasted over a decade before reaching a “permanent and definitive solution” to the salinity problem of the Colorado River, as claimed by Minute 242 – Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International problem of the salinity of the Colorado River.

The Imperial Valley in Southern California and the Mexicali Valley, a continuation of the Imperial Valley in the Northeast of Baja California, underwent significant development in the early 20th century. In Mexico, the development of the Mexicali Valley was a natural consequence of the agricultural development of the Imperial Valley in California.

Specifically, the Mexican government’s award of a concession to the Colorado River Company (an American firm) incentivized the economic growth of the region through the development of irrigation facilities and the expansion of the production of cotton. Other factors contributed to further incentivize the growth of the region. For example, the annual allocation of 1.5 million acre feet of Colorado River Water established in the 1944 Water Treaty between Mexico and the United States expanded agriculture, while cotton prices were in the midst of a boom in the international market. By the mid-1950s, the Mexicali Valley was the leading cotton-production region in the country, and by the 1960s the Mexicali Valley had become one of the most important regions to the overall Mexican economy.

Meanwhile in the U.S., the Wellton-Mohawk Valley area in Arizona started its development in the 1880s. This was a fertile region due to the presence of the Gila River. Yet, events such as the diversion of flows to other areas or the construction of the Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River (the Gila’s primary tributary) reduced the flow of the Gila River, rendering it necessary to use ground water for irrigation purposes. The Wellton-Mohawk valley’s location and lack of outlet for drainage had a negative impact in the water by increasing the salinity levels considerably. This led first to a fall in crop yields subsequently a drop in property values in the region. In the 1950s, the federal government determined to supply water from the Colorado River. Although initially successful, this proved to be a temporary fix rather than a permanent solution. Once again, inadequate drainage in the region resulted in a rise of the water table.

The solution given was to construct wells, pump out the briny waters and substitute the saline water with fresh resources from the Colorado River. Finally, in 1961, the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation project, a 50-mile-long channel was completed and used to transport the highly saline waters into the Colorado River, south of its confluence with the Gila River. These saline waters then began flowing into Mexico by the end of that year. Moreover, during that year, upstream releases, that could have diluted the waters from the Wellton-Mohawk, decreased considerably in order to fill Lake Powell behind the new Glen Canyon Dam.

===High Salinity on the Colorado River===

By the end of 1961, the salinity levels of the Colorado River almost quadrupled from 800 ppm to 2700 ppm making the waters unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation. Mexico had no choice but to let those waters flow into the Gulf of California, resulting in significant crop losses. Subsequently, Mexico accused the United States of breaching the 1944 Water Treaty between them. In response to these accusations the United States argued they had no obligation with respect to the quality of water. Nonetheless, the U.S. agreed to send fresh water to Mexico. The U.S. stressed that this 'good faith' measure should not be considered precedent.

The U.S. and Mexico positions rested in a different approach to the 1944 Treaty Water. The U.S. adopted a literal interpretation of the treaty; whereas Mexico appealed to a more holistic interpretation.

According to the1944 Water Treaty Mexico was allotted 1.5 acre-feet per year. This amount could be increased in an amount determined by the United States in case of excess water, but would not exceed 1.7 acre-feet a year. (Article 10). The 1944 Water Treaty was clear on the quantity asigned to Mexico and the U.S. argued the Treaty was silent on its obligations regarding water quality. Mexico sustained water quality was implicit under the International Boundary and Water Commission’s (IBWC) authority to preside over the joint use of international waters on matters such as domestic and municipal uses, agricultural and stock-raising, fishing and hunting, among other issues (Article 3).

===The Stakeholders===

*United States of America – Federal Government
*Department of State
*Department of Interior - Bureau of Reclamation
*The Committee of Fourteen which represents the Seven Basin States – Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The Basin States did not take direct part in the negotiation process. Yet, congressmen of the seven states lobbied the State and Interior Departments.
*The Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District in Arizona. Created by an act of the Arizona State Legislature in 1951, the District provides a legal entity to contract with the United States to repay the cost of the Welton-Mohawk irrigation and drainage projects, and to operate the project facilities.
*Mexico – Federal Government (Under Article 73, XVII of the Federal Constitution of Mexico, Congress has the power to enact laws regarding the use and utilization of waters under federal jurisdiction).
*Ministry of Foreign Relations
*Ministry of Interior

===Resolving the Dispute over Salinity===

The negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico to solve the salinity of the Colorado River lasted a decade before reaching a final solution in 1973. The negotiation process resulted in three Minutes issued by the International Boundary and Water Commission, Minute 218 in 1965, Minute 241 in 1972 and Minute 242 in 1973.

Despite the U.S. maintaining that they had no obligation to a particular standard of water quality under the 1944 Water Treaty, they agreed to enter negotiations with Mexico in 1962. Among the factors inducing the U.S. to join negotiations were the aversion to facing a case brought by Mexico to the International Court of Justice, and the U.S.’s desire to establish friendlier relations with its southern neighbors.

The U.S. law firm Chapman and Friedman, retained by the Mexican government, concluded the U.S. could be held responsible under customary international law for the damages caused by the high salinity levels in the Colorado River. Still, the firm advised Mexico to seek a diplomatic solution rather than going to court. Moreover, it seems possible that the logic behind the U.S. decision to allocate an annual 1.5 allotment of Colorado River water to Mexico established in the 1944 Water Treaty was a result of the U.S. interest in fostering relations with neighboring countries during and after World War II. Likewise, the negotiation process that resulted in Minutes 218, 241 and 242 could have followed a similar pattern and be a result of the interest from the United States to cultivate better relations with Latin America. In support to this argument, leftist and Communists groups had gained strength in the Mexicali region and had focused their attacks both in the U.S. and Mexican governments. It seems likely that the U.S. would have had a particular interest to minimize and contain the rise of Communists groups south from its border and cooperating with Mexico was a way to undermine the progress of these groups.

An initial recommendation from the Department of Interior urged both countries to adopt remedial measures to address the conflict. It also underscored Mexico had faced salinity problems even before the Wellton-Mohawk project was finished, mainly due to agricultural overexpansion in the Colorado Delta. The Bureau of Reclamation suggested the implementation of measures and river regulation plans that would reduce the peak salinity concentrations of water delivered to about 1800 ppm. Mexico refused this first approach for the salinity levels were still be high enough to damage crop yields.

In 1965, the parties agreed to a five-year agreement Minute No. 218 - Recommendations on the Colorado River Salinity Problem. According to Minute 218, the United States would construct (at its expense) a 13-mile channel which would prevent Wellton-Mohawk drainage waters from reaching Mexico’s diversion facilities at the Morelos Dam and instead flow directly to the Gulf of California. Furthermore, these provisions would not constitute any precedent, recognition, or acceptance affecting the rights of either country.

In 1972, Minute No. 241- Recommendations to Improve Immediately the Quality of Colorado River Waters going to Mexico was signed after U.S. and Mexico issued a Joint Communique. This document reflected a mutual interest in finding a solution to the salinity problem. According to the Minute, President Nixon was prepared to “a) undertake certain actions immediately to improve the quality of water going to Mexico; b) designate a special representative to begin work immediately to find a permanent, definitive and just solution of this problem; c) instruct the special representative to submit a report to him by the end of this year; d) submit this proposal, once it has the approval of this Government to President Echeverria for his consideration and approval.”

Based on the instructions from both Governments the commissioners issued a series of recommendations. The new agreement determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters, to be discharged to the Colorado River above the Morelos Dam.
Nixon had appointed Herbert Brownell, former Attorney General of the United States as special representative. Finally, in 1973 the parties agreed to sign Minute No. 242 Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado River. The resolution recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.

===Limitations of Minute 242===

Minute 242, while overall a good outcome, is still insufficient. Considering it a permanent and definitive solution could be wishful thinking at best.
Probably, the greatest success in Minute 242 was the United States acknowledgement of its obligation to provide suitable waters for domestic and irrigation purposes to Mexico and the determination of what seems a reliable parameter, up to 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the salinity levels in the Imperial Dam. Still, it is important to underscore some limitations to this document. According to Furnish and Ladman (Furnish and Ladman, 1975), Minute 242 was unclear in the following issues: 1) The salinity levels of the waters delivered to Mexico are still undefined. Water quality measured against the salinity in the Imperial Dam leaves room for uncertainty; 2) part of the waters delivered to Mexico are allocated to the San Luis Valley in Sonora.

According to Minute 242, the salinity levels are the same as the waters ordinarily delivered. The water delivered at San Luis comes from the Yuma Valley Division and is a combination of ground water and return flow from the Yuma Mesa Division with high salinity levels, approximately 1700 ppm that are later mixed with waters of the Colorado River waters. Moreover, this document establishes that neither country should take any action for modification or developments of surface or groundwater resources without previous consultation; 3) Water supply as a consequence of the development of the Lower Basin States; 4) Responsibility for damages caused to Mexico although it establishes the improvement and rehabilitation of the Mexicali Valley; and 5) Potential alterations to the ecosystem in the Gulf of California as a consequence of increased salinity levels with potential damages to the fishing industry in the region.

How could these issues have been better addressed? As noted before Minute 242 establishes salinity levels could not exceed 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the waters which arrive at the Imperial Dam. Yet, this parameter does not guarantee water quality in the Imperial Dam. What would happen if salinity levels in these waters increased to levels that make them unfit for Mexico? Probably a better solution for this could have been either to set certain limits to salinity levels or specify that Mexico could only accept water whose salinity levels were suitable for the specific crops in the region.

What does “…salinity substantially the same as that of the waters customarily delivered there” mean? Isn’t this language as ambiguous as the 1944 Water Treaty was at a time? If, as noted by Furnish and Ladman, 1975, the waters allocated to the San Luis Valley in Sonora are a mix of waters of ground water and return flow from the Yuma Mesa Division which has high salinity levels before getting mixed with the Colorado River waters, does the substantially same salinity refer to the salinity levels before the waters are mixed with the Colorado River waters or after they are mixed? Logic and good faith would suggest the latter, but the omission demands clarity. As for point 6 of the Minute, what does consultation “prior to undertaking any new development of either the surface or the groundwater resources, or undertaking substantial modifications of present developments, in its own territory in the border area that might adversely affect the other country” mean? Does consultation mean mere notifications or the need of an express authorization from the other party? Can parties oppose the development of surface or ground water resources across their borders? How to determine what might or might not affect the other party?

Moreover, there are some other issues worth noticing in addition to the above mentioned. Minute 242 recognizes that the U.S. has an obligation to deliver water of quality to Mexico, not only related to the salinity levels but in general terms. This obligation to water quality can be interpreted from the content of Minute 242 which establishes that “It is understood that no radioactive material or nuclear wastes shall be discharged through this drain..” Even though, the Minute does not refer to pollutants other than radioactiva material or nuclear wastes, good faith and logic, make it clear that the same reasoning can be applied to other materials that affect water quality. This is particularly relevant under the current circumstances. If the Government of the United States builds a wall between Mexico and the U.S. and as a consequence of the erection of it pollutes waters that are to be delivered to Mexico, the United States could potentially be violating its obligations to Mexico.

Moreover, probably the most pressing issue is climate change and how it could affect the Colorado River. A recent study published by the Water Resources Research journal centers its analysis in the annual flow reductions in the Colorado River in the 2000-2014 period which represented 19.3% below the 1906-1999 average. Flow losses are a consequence of high temperatures and lack of precipitation, both direct consequences of climate change. But high temperatures will increase evaporation from water bodies and soils too. Though many of the consequences of climate change are still uncertain there is high confidence on the increase of temperatures. This study addresses the decrease of flow (quantity). Still, these same factors, high temperatures and lack of precipitation, could have a further negative impact by increasing the salinity levels in the Colorado River.

===Way Forward===

Minute 242 is neither a “permanent” nor “definitive” solution to the salinity problem. Law is not and should never be static. Law evolves and adapts to reality as it unfolds. As mentioned before, climate change is one of the pressing issues in the global agenda. There are few certainties regarding climate change. Yet, increase of the global temperatures is one thing we can be certain of. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, each decade has proven to be warmer than the previous one, and the period from 1983 to 2012 was the warmest of the last 1400 years. Salinity levels have increased in regions where evaporation dominates, whereas other waters have become fresher as precipitation has increased. For the case of the Colorado Basin, it appears the tendency is an increase in temperatures. Temperatures in the Upper Basin are currently 0.9 degrees Celsius above the 1896-1999 period.

All of this makes it is most likely that the U.S. and Mexico will meet again to further negotiate, among other issues in the bilateral agenda, the salinity levels from the Colorado River waters, which could rise as a consequence of climate change. Minute 242 is a good starting point, for it has clarified loopholes left by the 1944 Water Treaty. A clear example is the parties approach to value creation where the U.S. committed to install a desalting plant to reduce the salinity of the Wellton-Mohawk drainage water or replacing 118,000 acre feet of water pumped out of Arizona’s Yuma Mesa and/or taken from above the imperial Dam. Moreover, other negotiations such as Minute 319 on the allocation and management of shared waters prove the U.S. and Mexico are capable of reaching mutual understanding and cooperation, and consequently mutual gains. The success in these negotiations can make us hope for further collaboration between the U.S. and Mexico.

Further negotiations should include other stakeholders aside from the Federal agencies of both governments. The presence of the Seven Basin States is crucial to get a better understanding of the state’s interests as well as to guarantee the implementation of any resolution, due to the power of states over water management. Their participation in the negotiation process of Minute 319 sets a precedent and it is likely that from now on they will take part in the bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico. NGOs also proved to be very useful in the negotiations towards Minute 319 so it would be expected to have them as interlocutors. The Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District in Arizona is another important stakeholder since it is an independent political entity which overviews irrigation works and water utilities. As for Mexico, representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Relations or the Ministry of Interior would be the main stakeholders. But its is possible that some other governmental agencies could be interested in joining a negotiation process such as the Ministry of Energy or Ministry of Economy to name two examples. As mentioned before, water is a federal matter and thus, the states of Baja California and Sonora would not have a direct participation in any process.

In this case joint fact finding and scenario planning could be particularly challenging. As mentioned before the current reference of 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the waters which arrive at the Imperial Dam is still ambiguous. Ideally, the parties should determine a range for what is consider an acceptable salinity level for irrigation purposes considering the crops that are grown or have been grown in the Mexicali Valley region. Other challenges are related to climate change and its uncertain consequences. So far, we can be certain of an increase in temperature globally and an increase in temperature in the Upper Colorado Basin of 0.9 degrees Celsius. Such factors would potentially lead to evaporation and thus higher salinity levels in the Colorado River Waters. In addition to the decrease in water quality, the decrease in quantity is also looming. This is an issue that should be addressed once the negotiations for the renewal of Minute 319 start in December 2017.

Value creation will also be challenging in this case where quality or quantity could potentially be affected as a consequence of climate change. Still, it is almost certain that both parties will have to adapt to new circumstances. New policies and implementation of technologies have to be develop to mitigate climate change and to adapt to those changes already occurring, it is worth considering some ideas that were proposed before. In this context, the installation of additional desalting plants as well as considering the introduction of different crops that could be resistant to more saline water in both countries are options worth evaluating. Furthermore, it is relevant to determine if there are technologies available that could allow the capture of the water that is evaporating. If this is technologies are not available, could the parties start working on ways to develop such technologies? Is it possible to think in terms of relocation of people to reduce the demand of water?

Finally, it is clear that the panorama is both complex and uncertain and whatever decision is taken will be far from “permanent or definitive”, particularly due to the impact of climate change. All stakeholders involved will have to adopt a collaborative adaptive management (CAM) approach. This should imply the opportunity to revise decisions within a defined timeframe. It seems likely that there will be a phase of trial and error and everyone involved should be aware of this.

===Timeline: Salinity of the Colorado River Conflict between the U.S. and Mexico===
{{{!}} class="wikitable"
! style="width:15%;"{{!}} Year !! style="width:75%;" {{!}} Event Description
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1944 {{!}}{{!}} Mexico and the U.S. signed the “Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico” also known as the 1944 Treaty.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1945 {{!}}{{!}} Ratification of the “Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico.”
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1961 {{!}}{{!}} The salinity levels of the Colorado River rose from 800 ppm to 2700 ppm as a consequence of the construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project used to transport saline waters into the Colorado River.
{{!}}-
{{!}}1962 {{!}}{{!}} Negotiation process between the U.S. and Mexico to address the salinity crisis start.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1965 {{!}}{{!}} The parties agreed on a five-year agreement Minute No. 218. The United States would construct at its expense an extension to the Wellton-Mohawk District’s drainage channel which would allow the discharge of the waters to the bed of the river above or below the Morelos Dam flowing directly to the Gulf of California. The U.S. insists it does not have any obligation regarding water quality.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} Joint Communique issued by the Mexican and American governments, where the latter committed to: a) undertake certain actions immediately to improve the quality of water going to Mexico; b) designate a special representative to begin work immediately to find a permanent, definitive and just solution of this problem; c) instruct the special representative to submit a report to him by the end of this year; d) submit this proposal, once it has the approval of this Government to President Echeverria for his consideration and approval.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} The parties issue Minute No. 241 The new agreement determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters, to be discharged to the Colorado River above the Morelos Dam.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1973 {{!}}{{!}} The parties issue Minute No. 242 The resolution recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1974 {{!}}{{!}} Passage of the legislation PL 93-320 that confirms the content of Minute 242.
{{!}}}
|Summary=During the 1960s the salinity levels in the Colorado River increased considerably. This situation was triggered by the construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project, a 50-mile-long channel, completed in 1961 in Southwestern Arizona which was used to transport highly salinated waters into the Colorado River which then began flowing into Mexico. The salinity concentration increased from 800 parts per million (ppm) to 2700 ppm making the Colorado River waters useless for irrigation purposes. Mexico had no choice but to let those waters flow into the Gulf of California. Consequently, these circumstances led to significant crop losses for Mexico, who accused the United States of breaching the 1944 Water Treaty between them. In response to these accusations the United States argued they had no obligation with respect to the quality of water but were willing to send fresh water. The U.S. stressed that this 'good faith' measure should not be considered a precedent.The negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico to solve the salinity of the Colorado River lasted a decade before reaching a final solution in 1973. The negotiation process resulted in three Minutes issued by the International Boundary and Water Commission, Minute 218 in 1965, Minute 241 in 1972 and Minute 242 in 1973.
|Topic Tags={{Topic Tag
|Topic Tag=Salinity of the Colorado River; water conflicts between the U.S. and Mexico
}}
|Refs=*Furnish, D. B., & Ladman, J. R. (January 1975). The Colorado river salinity agreement of 1973 and the Mexicali valley. ''Natural Resources Journal'',15 (1), 83-107.

*History. (2004). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from http://www.wmidd.org/history.html

*Hundley, N. (1966). Dividing the waters: a century of controversy between the United States and Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.

*DeMarsay, A. (n.d.). The Bronwell Task Force and the Mexican Salinity Problem: A Narrative Chronology of events. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://www.coloradoriversalinity.org/docs/The%20Brownell%20Task%20Force%20and%20the%20Mexican%20Salinity%20Problem,%20A%20Narrative%20Chronology%20of%20Events.pdf

*Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/treaties.html

*Umoff, A. A. (2008). An Analysis of the 1944 U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty: Its Past, Present, and Future. University of California, Davis,32(1), 71-98. Retrieved May 14, 2017, from https://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/volumes/32/1/umoff.pdf.

*General. (2004). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from http://www.wmidd.org/general.html

*Constitution of Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/mex/en_mex-int-text-const.pdf

*Kneese, A. V. (1975). A theoretical Analysis of Minute 242. Natural Resources Journal,15(1), 135-140. Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fnarj15&div=20&id=&page=

*Exteriores, S. D. (n.d.). Actas de la CILA MEX-EUA. Retrieved May 16, 2017, from http://www.gob.mx/sre/acciones-y-programas/actas-de-la-cila-mex-eua

*Udall, B., & Overpeck, J. (2017). The twenty-first century Colorado River hot drought and implications for the future. Water Resources Research,53(3), 2404-2418. doi:10.1002/2016wr019638

*Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. 2-31., p. 2 Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf
|External Links=
|Case Review={{Case Review Boxes
|Empty Section=No
|Clean Up Required=No
|Expand Section=No
|Add References=No
|Wikify=No
|connect to www=No
|Out of Date=No
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|MPOV=No
|ForceDiv=yes
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}}

A Salty Affair: An Analysis of U.S. – Mexico Water Diplomacy in the Colorado River

2025-12-15T10:42:19Z

Maintenance script: Add Agreement link to 1944 US-Mexico Water Treaty to match production

{{Case Study
|Water Use=Agriculture or Irrigation, Domestic/Urban Supply, Other Ecological Services
|Land Use=agricultural- cropland and pasture, agricultural- confined livestock operations
|Climate=Arid/desert (Köppen B-type)
|Population=281.333
|Area=3500
|Geolocation=32.6245389, -115.4522623
|Agreements=1944 US-Mexico Water Treaty
|Issues={{Issue
|Issue=The deterioration of water quantity and quality flowiníg into Mexico along the Colorado river following the inauguración of the Wellton-Mohawk project.
|Issue Description=The Wellton-Mohawk’s location in a deep basin with no adequate drainage led to reuse of water that eventually declined in quantity and quality. How to satisfy the demand for water?
|NSPD=Water Quantity; Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Non-legislative governmental agency, Environmental interest, Industry/Corporate Interest
}}{{Issue
|Issue=The bottom problem (inadequate drainage) was never addressed. With time, this situation plus the introduction of water from the Colorado River led to waterlogging farmlands.
|Issue Description=The construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project and pumping out the
briny waters and and dump the saline water into the Colorado river which began flowing to Mexico
|NSPD=Water Quantity; Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance; Assets
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Community or organized citizens
}}{{Issue
|Issue=Mexico could not utilize these water for irrigation purposes and was forced to allow it flow directly to the sea.
|Issue Description=This resulted in crop losses in one of the most prosperous region for the national economy.
|NSPD=Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance; Assets
|Stakeholder Type=Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Community or organized citizens
}}
|Key Questions={{Key Question
|Subject=Transboundary Water Issues
|Key Question - Transboundary=What mechanisms beyond simple allocation can be incorporated into transboundary water agreements to add value and facilitate resolution?
|Key Question Description=Minute No. 241- Recommendations to Improve Immediately the Quality of Colorado River Waters going to Mexico determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters. Moreover, Minute No. 242 Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado River - recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.
}}{{Key Question
|Subject=Power and Politics
|Key Question - Influence=How does asymmetry of power influence water negotiations and how can the negative effects be mitigated?
|Key Question Description=Mexico could have brought the case brought to the International Court of Justice. It had arguments to held the United States responsible under customary international law for the damages caused by the high salinity levels in the Colorado River.
}}
|Water Feature=
|Riparian=
|Water Project=
|Agreement=
|REP Framework====Background===
The Colorado River is a 1,450 miles-long water body that crosses seven states in the U.S., Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, and two in Mexico, Baja California and Sonora. In 1944, Mexico and the U.S. signed a bilateral treaty for the 'Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande' (hereon known as the 1944 Water Treaty). This treaty created the legal framework which would define the relations between the U.S. and Mexico regarding water issues. In the early 1960s the salinity levels of the Colorado River rose from 800 parts per million (ppm) to 2700 ppm. This led to tensions between the U.S. and Mexico which lasted over a decade before reaching a “permanent and definitive solution” to the salinity problem of the Colorado River, as claimed by Minute 242 – Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International problem of the salinity of the Colorado River.

The Imperial Valley in Southern California and the Mexicali Valley, a continuation of the Imperial Valley in the Northeast of Baja California, underwent significant development in the early 20th century. In Mexico, the development of the Mexicali Valley was a natural consequence of the agricultural development of the Imperial Valley in California.

Specifically, the Mexican government’s award of a concession to the Colorado River Company (an American firm) incentivized the economic growth of the region through the development of irrigation facilities and the expansion of the production of cotton. Other factors contributed to further incentivize the growth of the region. For example, the annual allocation of 1.5 million acre feet of Colorado River Water established in the 1944 Water Treaty between Mexico and the United States expanded agriculture, while cotton prices were in the midst of a boom in the international market. By the mid-1950s, the Mexicali Valley was the leading cotton-production region in the country, and by the 1960s the Mexicali Valley had become one of the most important regions to the overall Mexican economy.

Meanwhile in the U.S., the Wellton-Mohawk Valley area in Arizona started its development in the 1880s. This was a fertile region due to the presence of the Gila River. Yet, events such as the diversion of flows to other areas or the construction of the Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River (the Gila’s primary tributary) reduced the flow of the Gila River, rendering it necessary to use ground water for irrigation purposes. The Wellton-Mohawk valley’s location and lack of outlet for drainage had a negative impact in the water by increasing the salinity levels considerably. This led first to a fall in crop yields subsequently a drop in property values in the region. In the 1950s, the federal government determined to supply water from the Colorado River. Although initially successful, this proved to be a temporary fix rather than a permanent solution. Once again, inadequate drainage in the region resulted in a rise of the water table.

The solution given was to construct wells, pump out the briny waters and substitute the saline water with fresh resources from the Colorado River. Finally, in 1961, the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation project, a 50-mile-long channel was completed and used to transport the highly saline waters into the Colorado River, south of its confluence with the Gila River. These saline waters then began flowing into Mexico by the end of that year. Moreover, during that year, upstream releases, that could have diluted the waters from the Wellton-Mohawk, decreased considerably in order to fill Lake Powell behind the new Glen Canyon Dam.

===High Salinity on the Colorado River===

By the end of 1961, the salinity levels of the Colorado River almost quadrupled from 800 ppm to 2700 ppm making the waters unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation. Mexico had no choice but to let those waters flow into the Gulf of California, resulting in significant crop losses. Subsequently, Mexico accused the United States of breaching the 1944 Water Treaty between them. In response to these accusations the United States argued they had no obligation with respect to the quality of water. Nonetheless, the U.S. agreed to send fresh water to Mexico. The U.S. stressed that this 'good faith' measure should not be considered precedent.

The U.S. and Mexico positions rested in a different approach to the 1944 Treaty Water. The U.S. adopted a literal interpretation of the treaty; whereas Mexico appealed to a more holistic interpretation.

According to the1944 Water Treaty Mexico was allotted 1.5 acre-feet per year. This amount could be increased in an amount determined by the United States in case of excess water, but would not exceed 1.7 acre-feet a year. (Article 10). The 1944 Water Treaty was clear on the quantity asigned to Mexico and the U.S. argued the Treaty was silent on its obligations regarding water quality. Mexico sustained water quality was implicit under the International Boundary and Water Commission’s (IBWC) authority to preside over the joint use of international waters on matters such as domestic and municipal uses, agricultural and stock-raising, fishing and hunting, among other issues (Article 3).

===The Stakeholders===

*United States of America – Federal Government
*Department of State
*Department of Interior - Bureau of Reclamation
*The Committee of Fourteen which represents the Seven Basin States – Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The Basin States did not take direct part in the negotiation process. Yet, congressmen of the seven states lobbied the State and Interior Departments.
*The Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District in Arizona. Created by an act of the Arizona State Legislature in 1951, the District provides a legal entity to contract with the United States to repay the cost of the Welton-Mohawk irrigation and drainage projects, and to operate the project facilities.
*Mexico – Federal Government (Under Article 73, XVII of the Federal Constitution of Mexico, Congress has the power to enact laws regarding the use and utilization of waters under federal jurisdiction).
*Ministry of Foreign Relations
*Ministry of Interior

===Resolving the Dispute over Salinity===

The negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico to solve the salinity of the Colorado River lasted a decade before reaching a final solution in 1973. The negotiation process resulted in three Minutes issued by the International Boundary and Water Commission, Minute 218 in 1965, Minute 241 in 1972 and Minute 242 in 1973.

Despite the U.S. maintaining that they had no obligation to a particular standard of water quality under the 1944 Water Treaty, they agreed to enter negotiations with Mexico in 1962. Among the factors inducing the U.S. to join negotiations were the aversion to facing a case brought by Mexico to the International Court of Justice, and the U.S.’s desire to establish friendlier relations with its southern neighbors.

The U.S. law firm Chapman and Friedman, retained by the Mexican government, concluded the U.S. could be held responsible under customary international law for the damages caused by the high salinity levels in the Colorado River. Still, the firm advised Mexico to seek a diplomatic solution rather than going to court. Moreover, it seems possible that the logic behind the U.S. decision to allocate an annual 1.5 allotment of Colorado River water to Mexico established in the 1944 Water Treaty was a result of the U.S. interest in fostering relations with neighboring countries during and after World War II. Likewise, the negotiation process that resulted in Minutes 218, 241 and 242 could have followed a similar pattern and be a result of the interest from the United States to cultivate better relations with Latin America. In support to this argument, leftist and Communists groups had gained strength in the Mexicali region and had focused their attacks both in the U.S. and Mexican governments. It seems likely that the U.S. would have had a particular interest to minimize and contain the rise of Communists groups south from its border and cooperating with Mexico was a way to undermine the progress of these groups.

An initial recommendation from the Department of Interior urged both countries to adopt remedial measures to address the conflict. It also underscored Mexico had faced salinity problems even before the Wellton-Mohawk project was finished, mainly due to agricultural overexpansion in the Colorado Delta. The Bureau of Reclamation suggested the implementation of measures and river regulation plans that would reduce the peak salinity concentrations of water delivered to about 1800 ppm. Mexico refused this first approach for the salinity levels were still be high enough to damage crop yields.

In 1965, the parties agreed to a five-year agreement Minute No. 218 - Recommendations on the Colorado River Salinity Problem. According to Minute 218, the United States would construct (at its expense) a 13-mile channel which would prevent Wellton-Mohawk drainage waters from reaching Mexico’s diversion facilities at the Morelos Dam and instead flow directly to the Gulf of California. Furthermore, these provisions would not constitute any precedent, recognition, or acceptance affecting the rights of either country.

In 1972, Minute No. 241- Recommendations to Improve Immediately the Quality of Colorado River Waters going to Mexico was signed after U.S. and Mexico issued a Joint Communique. This document reflected a mutual interest in finding a solution to the salinity problem. According to the Minute, President Nixon was prepared to “a) undertake certain actions immediately to improve the quality of water going to Mexico; b) designate a special representative to begin work immediately to find a permanent, definitive and just solution of this problem; c) instruct the special representative to submit a report to him by the end of this year; d) submit this proposal, once it has the approval of this Government to President Echeverria for his consideration and approval.”

Based on the instructions from both Governments the commissioners issued a series of recommendations. The new agreement determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters, to be discharged to the Colorado River above the Morelos Dam.
Nixon had appointed Herbert Brownell, former Attorney General of the United States as special representative. Finally, in 1973 the parties agreed to sign Minute No. 242 Permanent and Definitive Solution to the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado River. The resolution recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.

===Limitations of Minute 242===

Minute 242, while overall a good outcome, is still insufficient. Considering it a permanent and definitive solution could be wishful thinking at best.
Probably, the greatest success in Minute 242 was the United States acknowledgement of its obligation to provide suitable waters for domestic and irrigation purposes to Mexico and the determination of what seems a reliable parameter, up to 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the salinity levels in the Imperial Dam. Still, it is important to underscore some limitations to this document. According to Furnish and Ladman (Furnish and Ladman, 1975), Minute 242 was unclear in the following issues: 1) The salinity levels of the waters delivered to Mexico are still undefined. Water quality measured against the salinity in the Imperial Dam leaves room for uncertainty; 2) part of the waters delivered to Mexico are allocated to the San Luis Valley in Sonora.

According to Minute 242, the salinity levels are the same as the waters ordinarily delivered. The water delivered at San Luis comes from the Yuma Valley Division and is a combination of ground water and return flow from the Yuma Mesa Division with high salinity levels, approximately 1700 ppm that are later mixed with waters of the Colorado River waters. Moreover, this document establishes that neither country should take any action for modification or developments of surface or groundwater resources without previous consultation; 3) Water supply as a consequence of the development of the Lower Basin States; 4) Responsibility for damages caused to Mexico although it establishes the improvement and rehabilitation of the Mexicali Valley; and 5) Potential alterations to the ecosystem in the Gulf of California as a consequence of increased salinity levels with potential damages to the fishing industry in the region.

How could these issues have been better addressed? As noted before Minute 242 establishes salinity levels could not exceed 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the waters which arrive at the Imperial Dam. Yet, this parameter does not guarantee water quality in the Imperial Dam. What would happen if salinity levels in these waters increased to levels that make them unfit for Mexico? Probably a better solution for this could have been either to set certain limits to salinity levels or specify that Mexico could only accept water whose salinity levels were suitable for the specific crops in the region.

What does “…salinity substantially the same as that of the waters customarily delivered there” mean? Isn’t this language as ambiguous as the 1944 Water Treaty was at a time? If, as noted by Furnish and Ladman, 1975, the waters allocated to the San Luis Valley in Sonora are a mix of waters of ground water and return flow from the Yuma Mesa Division which has high salinity levels before getting mixed with the Colorado River waters, does the substantially same salinity refer to the salinity levels before the waters are mixed with the Colorado River waters or after they are mixed? Logic and good faith would suggest the latter, but the omission demands clarity. As for point 6 of the Minute, what does consultation “prior to undertaking any new development of either the surface or the groundwater resources, or undertaking substantial modifications of present developments, in its own territory in the border area that might adversely affect the other country” mean? Does consultation mean mere notifications or the need of an express authorization from the other party? Can parties oppose the development of surface or ground water resources across their borders? How to determine what might or might not affect the other party?

Moreover, there are some other issues worth noticing in addition to the above mentioned. Minute 242 recognizes that the U.S. has an obligation to deliver water of quality to Mexico, not only related to the salinity levels but in general terms. This obligation to water quality can be interpreted from the content of Minute 242 which establishes that “It is understood that no radioactive material or nuclear wastes shall be discharged through this drain..” Even though, the Minute does not refer to pollutants other than radioactiva material or nuclear wastes, good faith and logic, make it clear that the same reasoning can be applied to other materials that affect water quality. This is particularly relevant under the current circumstances. If the Government of the United States builds a wall between Mexico and the U.S. and as a consequence of the erection of it pollutes waters that are to be delivered to Mexico, the United States could potentially be violating its obligations to Mexico.

Moreover, probably the most pressing issue is climate change and how it could affect the Colorado River. A recent study published by the Water Resources Research journal centers its analysis in the annual flow reductions in the Colorado River in the 2000-2014 period which represented 19.3% below the 1906-1999 average. Flow losses are a consequence of high temperatures and lack of precipitation, both direct consequences of climate change. But high temperatures will increase evaporation from water bodies and soils too. Though many of the consequences of climate change are still uncertain there is high confidence on the increase of temperatures. This study addresses the decrease of flow (quantity). Still, these same factors, high temperatures and lack of precipitation, could have a further negative impact by increasing the salinity levels in the Colorado River.

===Way Forward===

Minute 242 is neither a “permanent” nor “definitive” solution to the salinity problem. Law is not and should never be static. Law evolves and adapts to reality as it unfolds. As mentioned before, climate change is one of the pressing issues in the global agenda. There are few certainties regarding climate change. Yet, increase of the global temperatures is one thing we can be certain of. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, each decade has proven to be warmer than the previous one, and the period from 1983 to 2012 was the warmest of the last 1400 years. Salinity levels have increased in regions where evaporation dominates, whereas other waters have become fresher as precipitation has increased. For the case of the Colorado Basin, it appears the tendency is an increase in temperatures. Temperatures in the Upper Basin are currently 0.9 degrees Celsius above the 1896-1999 period.

All of this makes it is most likely that the U.S. and Mexico will meet again to further negotiate, among other issues in the bilateral agenda, the salinity levels from the Colorado River waters, which could rise as a consequence of climate change. Minute 242 is a good starting point, for it has clarified loopholes left by the 1944 Water Treaty. A clear example is the parties approach to value creation where the U.S. committed to install a desalting plant to reduce the salinity of the Wellton-Mohawk drainage water or replacing 118,000 acre feet of water pumped out of Arizona’s Yuma Mesa and/or taken from above the imperial Dam. Moreover, other negotiations such as Minute 319 on the allocation and management of shared waters prove the U.S. and Mexico are capable of reaching mutual understanding and cooperation, and consequently mutual gains. The success in these negotiations can make us hope for further collaboration between the U.S. and Mexico.

Further negotiations should include other stakeholders aside from the Federal agencies of both governments. The presence of the Seven Basin States is crucial to get a better understanding of the state’s interests as well as to guarantee the implementation of any resolution, due to the power of states over water management. Their participation in the negotiation process of Minute 319 sets a precedent and it is likely that from now on they will take part in the bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico. NGOs also proved to be very useful in the negotiations towards Minute 319 so it would be expected to have them as interlocutors. The Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District in Arizona is another important stakeholder since it is an independent political entity which overviews irrigation works and water utilities. As for Mexico, representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Relations or the Ministry of Interior would be the main stakeholders. But its is possible that some other governmental agencies could be interested in joining a negotiation process such as the Ministry of Energy or Ministry of Economy to name two examples. As mentioned before, water is a federal matter and thus, the states of Baja California and Sonora would not have a direct participation in any process.

In this case joint fact finding and scenario planning could be particularly challenging. As mentioned before the current reference of 115 ppm ± 30 ppm against the waters which arrive at the Imperial Dam is still ambiguous. Ideally, the parties should determine a range for what is consider an acceptable salinity level for irrigation purposes considering the crops that are grown or have been grown in the Mexicali Valley region. Other challenges are related to climate change and its uncertain consequences. So far, we can be certain of an increase in temperature globally and an increase in temperature in the Upper Colorado Basin of 0.9 degrees Celsius. Such factors would potentially lead to evaporation and thus higher salinity levels in the Colorado River Waters. In addition to the decrease in water quality, the decrease in quantity is also looming. This is an issue that should be addressed once the negotiations for the renewal of Minute 319 start in December 2017.

Value creation will also be challenging in this case where quality or quantity could potentially be affected as a consequence of climate change. Still, it is almost certain that both parties will have to adapt to new circumstances. New policies and implementation of technologies have to be develop to mitigate climate change and to adapt to those changes already occurring, it is worth considering some ideas that were proposed before. In this context, the installation of additional desalting plants as well as considering the introduction of different crops that could be resistant to more saline water in both countries are options worth evaluating. Furthermore, it is relevant to determine if there are technologies available that could allow the capture of the water that is evaporating. If this is technologies are not available, could the parties start working on ways to develop such technologies? Is it possible to think in terms of relocation of people to reduce the demand of water?

Finally, it is clear that the panorama is both complex and uncertain and whatever decision is taken will be far from “permanent or definitive”, particularly due to the impact of climate change. All stakeholders involved will have to adopt a collaborative adaptive management (CAM) approach. This should imply the opportunity to revise decisions within a defined timeframe. It seems likely that there will be a phase of trial and error and everyone involved should be aware of this.

===Timeline: Salinity of the Colorado River Conflict between the U.S. and Mexico===
{{{!}} class="wikitable"
! style="width:15%;"{{!}} Year !! style="width:75%;" {{!}} Event Description
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1944 {{!}}{{!}} Mexico and the U.S. signed the “Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico” also known as the 1944 Treaty.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1945 {{!}}{{!}} Ratification of the “Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico.”
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1961 {{!}}{{!}} The salinity levels of the Colorado River rose from 800 ppm to 2700 ppm as a consequence of the construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project used to transport saline waters into the Colorado River.
{{!}}-
{{!}}1962 {{!}}{{!}} Negotiation process between the U.S. and Mexico to address the salinity crisis start.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1965 {{!}}{{!}} The parties agreed on a five-year agreement Minute No. 218. The United States would construct at its expense an extension to the Wellton-Mohawk District’s drainage channel which would allow the discharge of the waters to the bed of the river above or below the Morelos Dam flowing directly to the Gulf of California. The U.S. insists it does not have any obligation regarding water quality.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} Joint Communique issued by the Mexican and American governments, where the latter committed to: a) undertake certain actions immediately to improve the quality of water going to Mexico; b) designate a special representative to begin work immediately to find a permanent, definitive and just solution of this problem; c) instruct the special representative to submit a report to him by the end of this year; d) submit this proposal, once it has the approval of this Government to President Echeverria for his consideration and approval.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} The parties issue Minute No. 241 The new agreement determined the substitution of 118,000 acre-feet with equal volumes of other waters, to be discharged to the Colorado River above the Morelos Dam.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1973 {{!}}{{!}} The parties issue Minute No. 242 The resolution recognizes the United States obligation to deliver water under certain salinity level. No more than 115 ppm ± 30 ppm measured against the waters which feed the Imperial Dam salinity levels.
{{!}}-
{{!}} 1974 {{!}}{{!}} Passage of the legislation PL 93-320 that confirms the content of Minute 242.
{{!}}}
|Summary=During the 1960s the salinity levels in the Colorado River increased considerably. This situation was triggered by the construction of the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation Project, a 50-mile-long channel, completed in 1961 in Southwestern Arizona which was used to transport highly salinated waters into the Colorado River which then began flowing into Mexico. The salinity concentration increased from 800 parts per million (ppm) to 2700 ppm making the Colorado River waters useless for irrigation purposes. Mexico had no choice but to let those waters flow into the Gulf of California. Consequently, these circumstances led to significant crop losses for Mexico, who accused the United States of breaching the 1944 Water Treaty between them. In response to these accusations the United States argued they had no obligation with respect to the quality of water but were willing to send fresh water. The U.S. stressed that this 'good faith' measure should not be considered a precedent.The negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico to solve the salinity of the Colorado River lasted a decade before reaching a final solution in 1973. The negotiation process resulted in three Minutes issued by the International Boundary and Water Commission, Minute 218 in 1965, Minute 241 in 1972 and Minute 242 in 1973.
|Topic Tags={{Topic Tag
|Topic Tag=Salinity of the Colorado River; water conflicts between the U.S. and Mexico
}}
|Refs=*Furnish, D. B., & Ladman, J. R. (January 1975). The Colorado river salinity agreement of 1973 and the Mexicali valley. ''Natural Resources Journal'',15 (1), 83-107.

*History. (2004). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from http://www.wmidd.org/history.html

*Hundley, N. (1966). Dividing the waters: a century of controversy between the United States and Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.

*DeMarsay, A. (n.d.). The Bronwell Task Force and the Mexican Salinity Problem: A Narrative Chronology of events. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://www.coloradoriversalinity.org/docs/The%20Brownell%20Task%20Force%20and%20the%20Mexican%20Salinity%20Problem,%20A%20Narrative%20Chronology%20of%20Events.pdf

*Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/treaties.html

*Umoff, A. A. (2008). An Analysis of the 1944 U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty: Its Past, Present, and Future. University of California, Davis,32(1), 71-98. Retrieved May 14, 2017, from https://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/volumes/32/1/umoff.pdf.

*General. (2004). Retrieved May 14, 2017, from http://www.wmidd.org/general.html

*Constitution of Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/mex/en_mex-int-text-const.pdf

*Kneese, A. V. (1975). A theoretical Analysis of Minute 242. Natural Resources Journal,15(1), 135-140. Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fnarj15&div=20&id=&page=

*Exteriores, S. D. (n.d.). Actas de la CILA MEX-EUA. Retrieved May 16, 2017, from http://www.gob.mx/sre/acciones-y-programas/actas-de-la-cila-mex-eua

*Udall, B., & Overpeck, J. (2017). The twenty-first century Colorado River hot drought and implications for the future. Water Resources Research,53(3), 2404-2418. doi:10.1002/2016wr019638

*Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. 2-31., p. 2 Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf
|External Links=
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{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement| {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]||?Previous Agreement=Previous agreement was- |format=list| sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreementt|{{#ask: [[Previous Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Subsequent agreement is-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Agreement Includes Water Project::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Included in|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Water Projects Influenced by Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=Influenced by Agreement |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=}} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian |{{#ask: [[Agreement Includes Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|Other - [[Agreement::x]] | }} | }}
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
|}
</includeonly>

Template:Linked Articles

2025-12-15T10:00:17Z

Maintenance script: Fix SMW queries for Agreement pages: use Riparian/Water Feature instead of Agreement Includes properties

<noinclude>
This is the "Linked Articles" template. It is called by a main article template (e.g.: Water Feature)
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Linked Articles
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparians=
|The Pagename= (name of referred page)
|Page Type=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%"
! | Riparians
! | Water Features
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Riparian in Basin::+]][[Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in this basin- |format=list |headers=plain |mainlabel=- |link=all |sep= |offset= |limit= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Located in::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=located within|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=Located within|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement |{{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Riparian=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Riparian=Project is in- ||format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Riparians}}}|;|x|Other - [[Riparian::x]] | }} | }}

| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Within Basin=Located in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Feature | {{#ask:[[Within Basin::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Feature in this basin- |format=list |headers=show|mainlabel=- | link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project in Basin=Project is in basin- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian | {{#ask:[[Water Resource in Riparian::+]][[Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?Riparian=Located in riparian- |format=list|headers=hide|mainlabel=-|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Water Feature=Includes Water Resource- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Reservoir=Associated Reservoir- |format=list| headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask:[[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Project on River=Dam located on- |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Features}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Feature::x]] | }} | }}

|}

{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;text-align:left;width:100%;"
! | Projects and Initiatives
! | Agreements and Treaties
|-
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Agreement Includes Water Project=Agreement includes- |format=list|sep=, |mainlabel=-|headers=plain|link=subject|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Water Projects Influenced by Agreement=Affects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|outro= |default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Associated Water Project=Associated Projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default= |outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement | {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?Related Initiatives or Commissions=Associated organizational projects- |format=list|sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=subject|offset=|limit=|intro=|default=|outro= }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project|{{#ask:[[Project In Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=located in {{{The Pagename|}}}# |format=list |headers=show |mainlabel=located in {{{The Pagename|}}} |link=all|sep= |offset=|limit=}} }}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Water Projects}}}|;|x|Other - [[Water Project::x]] | }} | }}
| style="border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-right:5px;width:40%;" |

{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreement| {{#ask: [[{{{The Pagename|}}}]]||?Previous Agreement=Previous agreement was- |format=list| sep=, |headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Agreementt|{{#ask: [[Previous Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Subsequent agreement is-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Agreement Includes Water Project::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Included in|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Water Project| {{#ask:[[Water Projects Influenced by Agreement::{{{The Pagename|}}}]] |?=Influenced by Agreement |format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|columns=1|offset=|limit=|default=}} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{Page Type|}}} | Riparian |{{#ask: [[Agreement Includes Riparian::{{{The Pagename|}}}]]|?=Agreement includes riparian-|format=list|headers=plain|mainlabel=-|link=all|offset=|limit=|default=|outro= }} }}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|Other - [[Agreement::x]] | }} | }}
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
|}
</includeonly>

Template:Case Description

2025-12-15T09:24:15Z

Maintenance script: Add SMW annotations for Water Projects, Agreements, Riparians, and Water Features to enable factbox display

<noinclude>
This is the "Case Description" template. It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Case Description
|Geolocation=
|Population=
|Area=
|Climate=
|Land Use=
|Water Use=
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparian=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude>
<includeonly>
<div class="section-right-box">'''Case Description'''
{{#display_point:{{{Geolocation|}}} | width=200 | height=200 | zoom=3}}
<table style="text-align: left; font-size:10px; width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
{{#if: {{{Geolocation|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Geolocation:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Geolocation::{{{Geolocation}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Population|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Population:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Population::{{{Population}}}]] million</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Area|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Area:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Area::{{{Area}}}]] km2</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Climate|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Climate Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Climate::{{{Climate}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Land Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Predominent Land Use Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Land Use::{{{Land Use}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Important Uses of Water:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Water Use|}}}|,|x|[[Water Use::x]]|, }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Features:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Water Features}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Riparians:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Riparians}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Projects:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Water Projects|}}}|;|x|[[Water Project::x]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Agreements:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|[[Agreement::x]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
</table>
</div>
</includeonly>

Template:Case Description

2025-12-15T09:08:01Z

Maintenance script: Add SMW annotations for Water Projects, Agreements, Riparians, and Water Features to enable factbox display

<noinclude>
This is the "Case Description" template. It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Case Description
|Geolocation=
|Population=
|Area=
|Climate=
|Land Use=
|Water Use=
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparian=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude>
<includeonly>
<div class="section-right-box">'''Case Description'''
{{#display_point:{{{Geolocation|}}} | width=200 | height=200 | zoom=3}}
<table style="text-align: left; font-size:10px; width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
{{#if: {{{Geolocation|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Geolocation:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Geolocation::{{{Geolocation}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Population|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Population:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Population::{{{Population}}}]] million</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Area|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Area:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Area::{{{Area}}}]] km2</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Climate|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Climate Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Climate::{{{Climate}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Land Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Predominent Land Use Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Land Use::{{{Land Use}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Important Uses of Water:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Water Use|}}}|,|x|[[Water Use::x]]|, }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Features:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Water Feature::{{{Water Features}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Riparians:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Riparians|}}}|;|x|[[Riparian::x]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Projects:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Water Projects|}}}|;|x|[[Water Project::x]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Agreements:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|x|[[Agreement::x]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
</table>
</div>
</includeonly>

TestArrayMapDirect

2025-12-15T08:59:39Z

Maintenance script: Direct arraymap test

Testing direct arraymap function:

{{#arraymap:Flint River Watershed Coalition;Georgia Water Project|;|x|[[x]]|; }}

Testing with template parameters:
{{#arraymap:{{{testparam|Flint River Watershed Coalition;Georgia Water Project}}}|;|x|[[x]]|; }}

TestArrayMap

2025-12-15T08:58:38Z

Maintenance script: Test arraymap function

{{#arraymap:Flint River Watershed Coalition;Georgia Water Project|;|x|[[x]]|; }}

TestArrayMapFunction

2025-12-15T08:35:21Z

Maintenance script: Test arraymap function

This is a test to verify that the arraymap function works correctly for creating links.

Testing with the Water Projects field format:
{{#arraymap:Flint River Watershed Coalition;Georgia Water Project|;|x|[[x]]|; }}

If this works correctly, it should create links to "Flint River Watershed Coalition" and "Georgia Water Project" pages.

What role(s) can hydropower play in a nation's energy strategy?

2025-12-14T09:40:35Z

Maintenance script: Fix page to use Key Question Page template like production

{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Hydropower - Dams - Infrastructure
}}

Category:Case Study

2025-12-14T07:48:15Z

Maintenance script: Set Case Study form as default for this category

Form:Case Study

2025-12-14T07:28:59Z

Maintenance script: Create/Update Form:Case Study from Case Description template

<noinclude>
This is the "Case Study" form. Simple form for creating and editing Case Study pages.

{{#forminput:form=Case Study|button text=Create Case Study}}
</noinclude><includeonly>

{{{info|create title=Create Case Study|edit title=Edit Case Study}}}

<div id="wikiPreview" style="display: none; padding-bottom: 25px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"></div>

== Case Description ==

{{{for template|Case Description}}}

{| class="formtable"
! Geolocation:
| {{{field|Geolocation|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Population (million):
| {{{field|Population|input type=text|size=20}}}
|-
! Area (km²):
| {{{field|Area|input type=text|size=20}}}
|-
! Climate:
| {{{field|Climate|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Land Use:
| {{{field|Land Use|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Water Use:
| {{{field|Water Use|input type=textarea|rows=3|cols=50}}}
|-
! Water Features:
| {{{field|Water Features|input type=textarea|rows=3|cols=50}}}
|-
! Riparians:
| {{{field|Riparians|input type=textarea|rows=3|cols=50}}}
|-
! Water Projects:
| {{{field|Water Projects|input type=textarea|rows=3|cols=50}}}
|-
! Agreements:
| {{{field|Agreements|input type=textarea|rows=3|cols=50}}}
|}

{{{end template}}}

== Page Content ==

{{#standard input|free text}}

{{#standard input|summary}}

{{#standard input|minor edit}} {{#standard input|watch}}

{{#standard input|save}} {{#standard input|preview}}

</includeonly>

Form:Case Study

2025-12-14T07:23:23Z

Maintenance script: Create/Update Form:Case Study from Case Description template

<noinclude>
This is the "Case Study" form. Use it to create or edit Case Study pages.

{{#forminput:form=Case Study|button text=Create or edit a Case Study}}
</noinclude><includeonly>

{{{info|create title=Create a new Case Study|edit title=Edit Case Study}}}

<div id="wikiPreview" style="display: none; padding-bottom: 25px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"></div>

{{{for template|Case Description}}}

{| class="formtable"
! Geolocation:
| {{{field|Geolocation|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Total Population (million):
| {{{field|Population|input type=text|size=20}}}
|-
! Total Area (km²):
| {{{field|Area|input type=text|size=20}}}
|-
! Climate Descriptors:
| {{{field|Climate|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Predominant Land Use Descriptors:
| {{{field|Land Use|input type=text|size=50}}}
|-
! Important Uses of Water:
| {{{field|Water Use|input type=textarea|rows=4|cols=50}}}
|-
! Water Features:
| {{{field|Water Features|input type=textarea|rows=4|cols=50}}}
|-
! Riparians:
| {{{field|Riparians|input type=textarea|rows=4|cols=50}}}
|-
! Water Projects:
| {{{field|Water Projects|input type=textarea|rows=4|cols=50}}}
|-
! Agreements:
| {{{field|Agreements|input type=textarea|rows=4|cols=50}}}
|}

{{{end template}}}

{{#standard input|free text}}

{{#standard input|summary}}

{{#standard input|minor edit}}

{{#standard input|watch}}

{{#standard input|save}}

</includeonly>

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

2025-12-14T05:25:44Z

Maintenance script: Simplify sorting - use ascending order

<noinclude>This is the 'Query Case Study Attributes' template. It should be called via the [[Form:Query Case Study Attributes]] form.

Case Study Attributes - Cases that have common types of stakeholders, land and water uses, or natural/societal/political domain variables

</noinclude>
<includeonly>

You requested to see cases that match all of these attributes:
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | *Stakeholder groups include "{{{Stakeholders||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | *Natural/Societal/Political Domain variables: include "{{{Variables||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | *Land uses include "{{{landu|}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | *Water uses include "{{{wateru|}}}" |}}


''*Overly detailed query requests may produce no results or errors in your search results. Anyone can use the [[Special:Ask | Semantic Mediawiki Query ]] interface to build their own complex queries using [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Selecting_pages Semantic Query Language].''

=== Results for this Query ===

{{#ask: [[Category:Case Study]]
{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Variables|}}}|; |x| [[NSPD::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Stakeholders|}}}|, |x| [[Stakeholder Type::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{landu|}}}|, |x| [[Land Use::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{wateru|}}}|, |x| [[Water Use::x]] | }} | }}
|?Issue=
|?NSPD=
|?Land Use=
|?Water Use =
|?Water Feature=
|?Riparian=
|?Water Project=
|?Agreement=
|?Key Question=
| format=template
| template=General Query Results
| link = all
| order=ascending
| limit = 500
}}

<hr/>
You can search the database for cases by their attributes. Each item you select here limits search results to only include cases that meet '''all''' selected criteria. If you do not get useful results, you may need to broaden your query.

These property tags are added by volunteer contributing authors and editors, and some cases may not be properly or completely tagged. If you see an improperly tagged case, please edit the case to repair the issue or contact an administrator so that we can improve the quality of query results.
</includeonly>

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

2025-12-14T05:24:32Z

Maintenance script: Add explicit mainlabel sorting for A-Z order

<noinclude>This is the 'Query Case Study Attributes' template. It should be called via the [[Form:Query Case Study Attributes]] form.

Case Study Attributes - Cases that have common types of stakeholders, land and water uses, or natural/societal/political domain variables

</noinclude>
<includeonly>

You requested to see cases that match all of these attributes:
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | *Stakeholder groups include "{{{Stakeholders||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | *Natural/Societal/Political Domain variables: include "{{{Variables||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | *Land uses include "{{{landu|}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | *Water uses include "{{{wateru|}}}" |}}


''*Overly detailed query requests may produce no results or errors in your search results. Anyone can use the [[Special:Ask | Semantic Mediawiki Query ]] interface to build their own complex queries using [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Selecting_pages Semantic Query Language].''

=== Results for this Query ===

{{#ask: [[Category:Case Study]]
{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Variables|}}}|; |x| [[NSPD::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Stakeholders|}}}|, |x| [[Stakeholder Type::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{landu|}}}|, |x| [[Land Use::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{wateru|}}}|, |x| [[Water Use::x]] | }} | }}
|mainlabel=Case Study
|?Issue=
|?NSPD=
|?Land Use=
|?Water Use =
|?Water Feature=
|?Riparian=
|?Water Project=
|?Agreement=
|?Key Question=
| format=template
| template=General Query Results
| link = all
| sort=Case Study
| order=ascending
| limit = 500
}}

<hr/>
You can search the database for cases by their attributes. Each item you select here limits search results to only include cases that meet '''all''' selected criteria. If you do not get useful results, you may need to broaden your query.

These property tags are added by volunteer contributing authors and editors, and some cases may not be properly or completely tagged. If you see an improperly tagged case, please edit the case to repair the issue or contact an administrator so that we can improve the quality of query results.
</includeonly>

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

2025-12-14T05:18:01Z

Maintenance script: Fix sorting - remove invalid sort parameter

<noinclude>This is the 'Query Case Study Attributes' template. It should be called via the [[Form:Query Case Study Attributes]] form.

Case Study Attributes - Cases that have common types of stakeholders, land and water uses, or natural/societal/political domain variables

</noinclude>
<includeonly>

You requested to see cases that match all of these attributes:
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | *Stakeholder groups include "{{{Stakeholders||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | *Natural/Societal/Political Domain variables: include "{{{Variables||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | *Land uses include "{{{landu|}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | *Water uses include "{{{wateru|}}}" |}}


''*Overly detailed query requests may produce no results or errors in your search results. Anyone can use the [[Special:Ask | Semantic Mediawiki Query ]] interface to build their own complex queries using [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Selecting_pages Semantic Query Language].''

=== Results for this Query ===

{{#ask: [[Category:Case Study]]
{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Variables|}}}|; |x| [[NSPD::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Stakeholders|}}}|, |x| [[Stakeholder Type::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{landu|}}}|, |x| [[Land Use::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{wateru|}}}|, |x| [[Water Use::x]] | }} | }}
|?Issue=
|?NSPD=
|?Land Use=
|?Water Use =
|?Water Feature=
|?Riparian=
|?Water Project=
|?Agreement=
|?Key Question=
| format=template
| template=General Query Results
| link = all
| order=asc
| limit = 500
}}

<hr/>
You can search the database for cases by their attributes. Each item you select here limits search results to only include cases that meet '''all''' selected criteria. If you do not get useful results, you may need to broaden your query.

These property tags are added by volunteer contributing authors and editors, and some cases may not be properly or completely tagged. If you see an improperly tagged case, please edit the case to repair the issue or contact an administrator so that we can improve the quality of query results.
</includeonly>

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

2025-12-14T05:16:55Z

Maintenance script: Add sorting parameters to fix A-Z order

<noinclude>This is the 'Query Case Study Attributes' template. It should be called via the [[Form:Query Case Study Attributes]] form.

Case Study Attributes - Cases that have common types of stakeholders, land and water uses, or natural/societal/political domain variables

</noinclude>
<includeonly>

You requested to see cases that match all of these attributes:
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | *Stakeholder groups include "{{{Stakeholders||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | *Natural/Societal/Political Domain variables: include "{{{Variables||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | *Land uses include "{{{landu|}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | *Water uses include "{{{wateru|}}}" |}}


''*Overly detailed query requests may produce no results or errors in your search results. Anyone can use the [[Special:Ask | Semantic Mediawiki Query ]] interface to build their own complex queries using [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Selecting_pages Semantic Query Language].''

=== Results for this Query ===

{{#ask: [[Category:Case Study]]
{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Variables|}}}|; |x| [[NSPD::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Stakeholders|}}}|, |x| [[Stakeholder Type::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{landu|}}}|, |x| [[Land Use::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{wateru|}}}|, |x| [[Water Use::x]] | }} | }}
|?Issue=
|?NSPD=
|?Land Use=
|?Water Use =
|?Water Feature=
|?Riparian=
|?Water Project=
|?Agreement=
|?Key Question=
| format=template
| template=General Query Results
| link = all
| sort=@
| order=asc
| limit = 500
}}

<hr/>
You can search the database for cases by their attributes. Each item you select here limits search results to only include cases that meet '''all''' selected criteria. If you do not get useful results, you may need to broaden your query.

These property tags are added by volunteer contributing authors and editors, and some cases may not be properly or completely tagged. If you see an improperly tagged case, please edit the case to repair the issue or contact an administrator so that we can improve the quality of query results.
</includeonly>

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

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Maintenance script: Fix A-Z sorting using explicit title sort

Template:Query Case Study Attributes

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Maintenance script: Sort query results by case title A-Z

<noinclude>This is the 'Query Case Study Attributes' template. It should be called via the [[Form:Query Case Study Attributes]] form.

Case Study Attributes - Cases that have common types of stakeholders, land and water uses, or natural/societal/political domain variables

</noinclude>
<includeonly>

You requested to see cases that match all of these attributes:
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | *Stakeholder groups include "{{{Stakeholders||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | *Natural/Societal/Political Domain variables: include "{{{Variables||}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | *Land uses include "{{{landu|}}}" |}}{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | *Water uses include "{{{wateru|}}}" |}}


''*Overly detailed query requests may produce no results or errors in your search results. Anyone can use the [[Special:Ask | Semantic Mediawiki Query ]] interface to build their own complex queries using [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Selecting_pages Semantic Query Language].''

=== Results for this Query ===

{{#ask: [[Category:Case Study]]
{{#if: {{{Variables|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Variables|}}}|; |x| [[NSPD::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{Stakeholders|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{Stakeholders|}}}|, |x| [[Stakeholder Type::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{landu|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{landu|}}}|, |x| [[Land Use::x]] | }} | }}
{{#if: {{{wateru|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{wateru|}}}|, |x| [[Water Use::x]] | }} | }}
|?Issue=
|?NSPD=
|?Land Use=
|?Water Use =
|?Water Feature=
|?Riparian=
|?Water Project=
|?Agreement=
|?Key Question=
| format=template
| template=General Query Results
| link = all
| sort=
| order=asc
| limit = 15
}}

<hr/>
You can search the database for cases by their attributes. Each item you select here limits search results to only include cases that meet '''all''' selected criteria. If you do not get useful results, you may need to broaden your query.

These property tags are added by volunteer contributing authors and editors, and some cases may not be properly or completely tagged. If you see an improperly tagged case, please edit the case to repair the issue or contact an administrator so that we can improve the quality of query results.
</includeonly>

Template:Case Description

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Maintenance script: Add SMW annotations for Water Use and Agreement

<noinclude>
This is the "Case Description" template. It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Case Description
|Geolocation=
|Population=
|Area=
|Climate=
|Land Use=
|Water Use=
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparian=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude>
<includeonly>
<div class="section-right-box">'''Case Description'''
{{#display_point:{{{Geolocation|}}} | width=200 | height=200 | zoom=3}}
<table style="text-align: left; font-size:10px; width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
{{#if: {{{Geolocation|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Geolocation:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Geolocation::{{{Geolocation}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Population|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Population:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Population::{{{Population}}}]] million</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Area|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Area:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Area::{{{Area}}}]] km2</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Climate|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Climate Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Climate::{{{Climate}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Land Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Predominent Land Use Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Land Use::{{{Land Use}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Important Uses of Water:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Water Use|}}}|,|@@@@|[[Water Use::@@@@]]|, }}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Features:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Water Features}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Riparians:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Riparians}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Projects:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Water Projects}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Agreements:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{#arraymap:{{{Agreements|}}}|;|@@@@|[[Agreement::{{#replace:@@@@|;|}}]]|; }}</td>
</tr>
}}
</table>
</div>
</includeonly>

Template:Case Description

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<noinclude>
This is the "Case Description" template. It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Case Description
|Geolocation=
|Population=
|Area=
|Climate=
|Land Use=
|Water Use=
|Water Features=
|Water Projects=
|Agreements=
|Riparian=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude>
<includeonly>
<div class="section-right-box">'''Case Description'''
{{#display_point:{{{Geolocation|}}} | width=200 | height=200 | zoom=3}}
<table style="text-align: left; font-size:10px; width:100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
{{#if: {{{Geolocation|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Geolocation:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Geolocation::{{{Geolocation}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Population|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Population:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Population::{{{Population}}}]] million</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Area|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Total Area:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Area::{{{Area}}}]] km2</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Climate|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Climate Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Climate::{{{Climate}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Land Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Predominent Land Use Descriptors:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Land Use::{{{Land Use}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Use|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Important Uses of Water:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Water Use::{{{Water Use}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Features|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Features:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Water Features}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Riparians|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Riparians:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Riparians}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Water Projects|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Water Projects:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">{{{Water Projects}}}</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{Agreements|}}} |
<tr>
<th style="padding: 4px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;">Agreements:</th>
<td style="padding: 4px;">[[Agreement::{{{Agreements}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
</table>
</div>
</includeonly>

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Match production format - use {{{1}}} for case study and {{{2}}} for answer

<noinclude>
This is the "Case and Answer" template.
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Case and Answer
|Case=
|Answer=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude> 
=== From: {{{1}}} ===
{{{2}}}

Template:Case and Answer

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Template:Case and Answer

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Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

2025-12-06T10:45:24Z

Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

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Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Key Question Page

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Maintenance script: Fix SMW query: remove Has subobject::+ filter - Question property query automatically searches subobjects

<noinclude>
This is the "Key Question Page" template.
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>
''Key Question Categor(ies):[[Key Question Category::{{{Key Question Category|}}}]]''

{{#ask:[[Question::{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]] |mainlabel=-
| ?Case Study
| ?Answer#
| format=list
| sep= 
| intro=
| default=No case studies currently include this question.
| template=Case and Answer
}}

[[Category:Key Question]]
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

Template:Case and Answer

2025-12-06T10:44:31Z

Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Case and Answer

2025-12-06T10:44:06Z

Maintenance script: Fix template to use SUBJECTPAGENAME as fallback when Case Study property is empty

Template:Key Question Page

2025-12-05T13:37:32Z

Maintenance script: Fix query: removed Has subobject::+ condition - Question property is on subobjects directly

<noinclude>
This is the "Key Question Page" template.
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>
''Key Question Categor(ies):[[Key Question Category::{{{Key Question Category|}}}]]''

{{#ask:[[Question::{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]
| mainlabel=-
| ?Case Study
| ?Answer#
| format=list
| sep= 
| intro=
| default=No case studies currently include this question.
| template=Case and Answer
}}

[[Category:Key Question]]
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

AquaPedia:Contribute Content

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Maintenance script: Fix typo in Riparian form input button text

Contributing Content to AquaPedia

Only logged in user accounts can contribute content to AquaPedia. New accounts can comment and discuss existing cases and articles on their discussion pages, accessible from the "Discussion" tab at the top of each page.

Users with "confirmed-user" status can create and edit cases. If you'd like to create new content and do not have "confirmed-user" status, [[AquaPedia:Policies/User Groups|see our guidance here]].

=Editing Existing Content=

Select "Edit" on any Case or Article page to make changes.

=Creating a new case=

Before creating a new case, see if your case meets the [[Help:Criteria_for_Case_Study_Inclusion|criteria for case inclusion]].

Each new document starts with a title. [[Help:Naming_Case_Studies|Develop an original title for your case]] before using the form input below to start the case.

{{#forminput:form=Case Study|size=65|button text=Add or edit Case Study|}}

=Contributing a new Background Article=

[[Help:Background Article|Background articles]] contain information that can be potentially relevant to multiple cases. Ideally, articles should be added from within a case study on a relevant topic. You may also create and develop these articles and then link them from within the case study editing interface.

Much like case studies, beginning a new article simple requires entering a title into the correct form link below. See this [[Help:Naming_Background_Articles|advice on naming background articles]]. If you enter the name of an existing article, you'll be taken to that page.

=== Riparians - states or countries involved in a water management challenge or conflict: ===

;{{#forminput:form=Riparian|size=50|button text=Add or edit Riparian|}}

=== Water Features - Bodies of water, Basins, or other important water resources: ===
:{{#forminput:form=Water Feature|size=50|button text=Add or edit Water Feature|}}

=== Water Projects - Infrastructure (such as dams or irrigation projects) or Initiatives (such as commissions) ===
:{{#forminput:form=Water Project|size=50|button text=Add or edit Water Project|}}

=== Agreements - Agreements and treaties ===
:{{#forminput:form=Agreement|size=50|button text=Add or edit Agreement|}}

=Contributing a new ASI Article=

Analysis, Synthesis & Insights articles must be linked to exactly one case. These articles are also protected so that only a single author may edit them. Users with access to editing all pages on AquaPedia (administrators) can also edit anyone's ASI article, but must follow appropriate conduct in doing so.

You can access the form for starting new ASI sections from the "Edit" interface for Case Studies. Enter the editing interface and select the "Analysis, Synthesis & Insights" tab to see the form. Provide a descriptive title for your ASI article.

Template:Key Question Page

2025-12-05T07:46:10Z

Maintenance script: Fix SMW query to search subobjects for Question property

<noinclude>
This is the "Key Question Page" template.
It should be called in the following format:
<pre>
{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=
}}
</pre>
Edit the page to see the template text.
</noinclude><includeonly>
''Key Question Categor(ies):[[Key Question Category::{{{Key Question Category|}}}]]''

{{#ask:[[Has subobject::+]][[Question::{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]
| mainlabel=-
| ?Case Study
| ?Answer#
| format=list
| sep= 
| intro=
| default=No case studies currently include this question.
| template=Case and Answer
}}

[[Category:Key Question]]
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

What role(s) can hydropower play in a nation's energy strategy?

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Maintenance script: Update page content via maintenance script

This is a checked version of this pageThis is the stable version, checked on 26 March 2013. Template/file changes await review.(+)

'''Key Question Categor(ies):''' Hydropower - Dams - Infrastructure

== Case Studies that Answer this Question ==

=== From: Integrated Joint Management Agreements of Mekong River Basin Riparians ===

Emphasizing data collection in advance of any construction projects, one both sets the hydrographic stage for more efficient planning, and also may establish a pattern of cooperation through relatively emotion-free issues. The insistence of the Wheeler Mission that extensive data-gathering precede any construction made both management and political sense.

=== From: U.S.-Canada Transboundary Water Management ===

As in the Columbia River Treaty, hydropower can be a form of added value in addition to other benefits like flood control and drought protection, enabling payments and exchange to occur between countries which may facilitate or fund the construction of projects that might otherwise not be feasible. As recent controversy over the treaty indicates, it is best to consider the effects of engineering projects of the scale of hydroelectric dams on a multitude of stakeholders, because of their far-reaching ecological and hydrological impacts. Hydropower is a powerful tool for a nation's energy strategy, but one that must be used prudently and with attention to impacts on "outsider" groups like endangered species and indigenous people.

=== From: Yarlung Zangbo / Brahmaputra River: Competing Priorities of Hydropower and Agriculture ===

It can help a country supply "clean" energy without additional carbon emissions, which is particularly relevant in the case of China.

Where does the benefit “flow” from a hydropower project and how does that affect implementation and sustainability of the project?

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{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Hydropower - Dams - Infrastructure
}}

What types of benefit sharing models can be used to make desalination more economically feasible and beneficial in water-scarce regions?

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{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Technological Innovation
}}

What roles can desalination play in a country's national water policy and what energy ecological and water quality considerations ought to go into making such a decision?

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{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Technological Innovation
}}

What role can agricultural subsidies play in finding solutions to complex water management problems?

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What role(s) can hydropower play in a nation's energy strategy?

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Maintenance script: Force re-render with updated template

{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Hydropower - Dams - Infrastructure
}}

What mechanisms beyond simple allocation can be incorporated into transboundary water agreements to add value and facilitate resolution?

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{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Transboundary Water Issues
}}

What kinds of water treaties or agreements between countries can provide sufficient structure and stability to ensure enforceability but also be flexible and adaptable given future uncertainties?

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{{Key Question Page
|Key Question Category=Transboundary Water Issues
}}